The Head Up Display Concept : A Summary with Special Attention to the Civil Aviation Industry

This paper is a literature study of the Head Up Display (HUD) in general with focus on the HUD's role in the civil aviation industry in particular. The objective is to present the history of the HUD in brief, summarize the basic design, describe the HUD's role in today's civil aviation and present the HUD in a human factors concept. This includes describing the human information processing behavior and human spatial disorientations concerning instrument scanning techniques and the most common sensory illusions experienced. There is also a summary of HUD symbology in different phases of flight. Some of the main sources of information have been Richard L. Newman's book ?Head Up Displays: Designing the Way Ahead? (1995) and Stoke's ?Display Technology? (1990). The main conclusion is that the HUD aids the instrument scanning process in phases of flight with high workload, such as take off, approach and landing resulting in increased situational awareness, flight precision and flight safety. It also provides airlines with a cost effective alternate in reaching low visibility operations

Estimation of allele frequency and association mapping using next-generation sequencing data

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Estimation of allele frequency is of fundamental importance in population genetic analyses and in association mapping. In most studies using next-generation sequencing, a cost effective approach is to use medium or low-coverage data (e.g., < 15<it>X</it>). However, SNP calling and allele frequency estimation in such studies is associated with substantial statistical uncertainty because of varying coverage and high error rates.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We evaluate a new maximum likelihood method for estimating allele frequencies in low and medium coverage next-generation sequencing data. The method is based on integrating over uncertainty in the data for each individual rather than first calling genotypes. This method can be applied to directly test for associations in case/control studies. We use simulations to compare the likelihood method to methods based on genotype calling, and show that the likelihood method outperforms the genotype calling methods in terms of: (1) accuracy of allele frequency estimation, (2) accuracy of the estimation of the distribution of allele frequencies across neutrally evolving sites, and (3) statistical power in association mapping studies. Using real re-sequencing data from 200 individuals obtained from an exon-capture experiment, we show that the patterns observed in the simulations are also found in real data.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Overall, our results suggest that association mapping and estimation of allele frequencies should not be based on genotype calling in low to medium coverage data. Furthermore, if genotype calling methods are used, it is usually better not to filter genotypes based on the call confidence score.</p

Genetic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission in the Middle East and North Africa

Background: The HIV-1 spread in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) has not been previously characterised using the phylogenetic approach. The aim of the current study was to investigate the genetic diversity and domestic transmission of HIV-1 in the MENA. Methods: A total of 2036 HIV-1 sequences available in Genbank and collected in the MENA during 1988–2016 were used together with 715 HIV-1 reference sequences that were retrieved from Genbank based on genetic similarity with the MENA sequences. The REGA and COMET tools were used to determine HIV-1 subtypes and circulating recombinant forms. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were used to identify and date HIV-1 transmission clusters. Results: At least 21 HIV-1 subtypes and recombinant forms were prevalent in the MENA. Subtype B was the most common variant (39%), followed by CRF35_AD (19%) and CRF02_AG (14%). The most common genetic region was pol, and 675 partial pol sequences (average of 1005 bp) were eligible for detailed phylogenetic analysis. Fifty-four percent of the MENA sequences formed HIV-1 transmission clusters. Whereas numerous clusters were country-specific, some clusters indicated transmission links between countries for subtypes B, C and CRF02_AG. This was more common in North Africa compared with the Middle East (p < 0.001). Recombinant forms had a larger proportion of clustering compared to pure subtypes (p < 0.001). The largest MENA clusters dated back to 1991 (an Algerian CRF06_cpx cluster of 43 sequences) and 2002 (a Tunisian CRF02_AG cluster of 48 sequences). Conclusions: We found an extensive HIV-1 diversity in the MENA and a high proportion of sequences in transmission clusters. This study highlights the need for preventive measures in the MENA to limit HIV-1 spread in this region

Biokombi Rya - slutrapporter fr\ue5n ing\ue5ende delprojekt

Inom projektet Biokombi Rya har ett flertal olika forskargrupper samarbetat f\uf6r att studera system\uaceffekterna av f\uf6rgasning av biobr\ue4nsle ur olika aspekter. Syftet med projektet \ue4r att \uf6ka kunskapen om biobr\ue4nslef\uf6rgasning i Sverige samt att utreda f\uf6ruts\ue4ttningar f\uf6r att s\ue5dana anl\ue4ggningar ska vara ekonomiskt och milj\uf6m\ue4ssigt intressanta. En referensgrupp har varit kopplad till projektet d\ue4r f\uf6ruts\ue4ttningar, resultat och slutsatser har behandlats.I denna underlagsrapport har slutrapporterna fr\ue5n projektets delprojekt samlats. De beskriver f\uf6ruts\ue4ttningar, metodansatser, anv\ue4nda data och resultat utf\uf6rligt och utg\uf6r p\ue5 s\ue5 s\ue4tt ett viktigt komplement till den mer \uf6vergripande beskrivningen i projektets syntesrapport. De delrapporter som ing\ue5r har valts f\uf6r att t\ue4cka in samtliga delar av projektet som \ue4r av allm\ue4nt intresse. Projektresultat som publicerats p\ue5 annat s\ue4tt ber\uf6rs dock mer kortfattat.Projektet Biokombi Rya har p\ue5g\ue5tt under tv\ue5 \ue5r (2005-2006) och drivits av Chalmers EnergiCentrum. F\uf6rutom de omfattande analysinsatser som f\uf6rfattarna till denna rapport st\ue5r f\uf6r, har Avdelningen f\uf6r kemisk teknologi vid KTH, Siemens Industrial Turbines AB och G\uf6teborg Energi AB bidragit med expertst\uf6d. CIT Industriell Energianalys, med undertecknad som projektledare, har st\ue5tt f\uf6r projektledning och koordination.Projektet har finansierats av Energimyndigheten, G\uf6teborg Energis forsknings\uacstiftelse samt G\uf6teborg Energi AB